使用nn.Transformer和torchtext的序列到序列建模
原文:https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/transformer_tutorial.html
这是一个有关如何训练使用nn.Transformer模块的序列到序列模型的教程。
PyTorch 1.2 版本包括一个基于论文的标准转换器模块。 事实证明,该转换器模型在许多序列间问题上具有较高的质量,同时具有更高的可并行性。 nn.Transformer模块完全依赖于注意力机制(另一个最近实现为nn.MultiheadAttention的模块)来绘制输入和输出之间的全局依存关系。 nn.Transformer模块现已高度模块化,因此可以轻松地修改/组成单个组件(如本教程中的nn.TransformerEncoder)。

定义模型
在本教程中,我们将在语言建模任务上训练nn.TransformerEncoder模型。 语言建模任务是为给定单词(或单词序列)遵循单词序列的可能性分配概率。 标记序列首先传递到嵌入层,然后传递到位置编码层以说明单词的顺序(有关更多详细信息,请参见下一段)。 nn.TransformerEncoder由多层nn.TransformerEncoderLayer组成。 与输入序列一起,还需要一个正方形的注意掩码,因为nn.TransformerEncoder中的自注意层仅允许出现在该序列中的较早位置。 对于语言建模任务,应屏蔽将来头寸上的所有标记。 为了获得实际的单词,将nn.TransformerEncoder模型的输出发送到最终的Linear层,然后是对数 Softmax 函数。
import mathimport torchimport torch.nn as nnimport torch.nn.functional as Fclass TransformerModel(nn.Module):def __init__(self, ntoken, ninp, nhead, nhid, nlayers, dropout=0.5):super(TransformerModel, self).__init__()from torch.nn import TransformerEncoder, TransformerEncoderLayerself.model_type = 'Transformer'self.pos_encoder = PositionalEncoding(ninp, dropout)encoder_layers = TransformerEncoderLayer(ninp, nhead, nhid, dropout)self.transformer_encoder = TransformerEncoder(encoder_layers, nlayers)self.encoder = nn.Embedding(ntoken, ninp)self.ninp = ninpself.decoder = nn.Linear(ninp, ntoken)self.init_weights()def generate_square_subsequent_mask(self, sz):mask = (torch.triu(torch.ones(sz, sz)) == 1).transpose(0, 1)mask = mask.float().masked_fill(mask == 0, float('-inf')).masked_fill(mask == 1, float(0.0))return maskdef init_weights(self):initrange = 0.1self.encoder.weight.data.uniform_(-initrange, initrange)self.decoder.bias.data.zero_()self.decoder.weight.data.uniform_(-initrange, initrange)def forward(self, src, src_mask):src = self.encoder(src) * math.sqrt(self.ninp)src = self.pos_encoder(src)output = self.transformer_encoder(src, src_mask)output = self.decoder(output)return output
PositionalEncoding模块注入一些有关标记在序列中的相对或绝对位置的信息。 位置编码的尺寸与嵌入的尺寸相同,因此可以将两者相加。 在这里,我们使用不同频率的sine和cosine函数。
class PositionalEncoding(nn.Module):def __init__(self, d_model, dropout=0.1, max_len=5000):super(PositionalEncoding, self).__init__()self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=dropout)pe = torch.zeros(max_len, d_model)position = torch.arange(0, max_len, dtype=torch.float).unsqueeze(1)div_term = torch.exp(torch.arange(0, d_model, 2).float() * (-math.log(10000.0) / d_model))pe[:, 0::2] = torch.sin(position * div_term)pe[:, 1::2] = torch.cos(position * div_term)pe = pe.unsqueeze(0).transpose(0, 1)self.register_buffer('pe', pe)def forward(self, x):x = x + self.pe[:x.size(0), :]return self.dropout(x)
加载和批量数据
本教程使用torchtext生成 Wikitext-2 数据集。 vocab对象是基于训练数据集构建的,用于将标记数字化为张量。 从序列数据开始,batchify()函数将数据集排列为列,以修剪掉数据分成大小为batch_size的批量后剩余的所有标记。 例如,以字母为序列(总长度为 26)并且批大小为 4,我们将字母分为 4 个长度为 6 的序列:

这些列被模型视为独立的,这意味着无法了解G和F的依赖性,但可以进行更有效的批量。
import ioimport torchfrom torchtext.utils import download_from_url, extract_archivefrom torchtext.data.utils import get_tokenizerfrom torchtext.vocab import build_vocab_from_iteratorurl = 'https://s3.amazonaws.com/research.metamind.io/wikitext/wikitext-2-v1.zip'test_filepath, valid_filepath, train_filepath = extract_archive(download_from_url(url))tokenizer = get_tokenizer('basic_english')vocab = build_vocab_from_iterator(map(tokenizer,iter(io.open(train_filepath,encoding="utf8"))))def data_process(raw_text_iter):data = [torch.tensor([vocab[token] for token in tokenizer(item)],dtype=torch.long) for item in raw_text_iter]return torch.cat(tuple(filter(lambda t: t.numel() > 0, data)))train_data = data_process(iter(io.open(train_filepath, encoding="utf8")))val_data = data_process(iter(io.open(valid_filepath, encoding="utf8")))test_data = data_process(iter(io.open(test_filepath, encoding="utf8")))device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")def batchify(data, bsz):# Divide the dataset into bsz parts.nbatch = data.size(0) // bsz# Trim off any extra elements that wouldn't cleanly fit (remainders).data = data.narrow(0, 0, nbatch * bsz)# Evenly divide the data across the bsz batches.data = data.view(bsz, -1).t().contiguous()return data.to(device)batch_size = 20eval_batch_size = 10train_data = batchify(train_data, batch_size)val_data = batchify(val_data, eval_batch_size)test_data = batchify(test_data, eval_batch_size)
生成输入序列和目标序列的函数
get_batch()函数为转换器模型生成输入和目标序列。 它将源数据细分为长度为bptt的块。 对于语言建模任务,模型需要以下单词作为Target。 例如,如果bptt值为 2,则i = 0时,我们将获得以下两个变量:

应该注意的是,这些块沿着维度 0,与Transformer模型中的S维度一致。 批量尺寸N沿尺寸 1。
bptt = 35def get_batch(source, i):seq_len = min(bptt, len(source) - 1 - i)data = source[i:i+seq_len]target = source[i+1:i+1+seq_len].reshape(-1)return data, target
启动实例
使用下面的超参数建立模型。 vocab的大小等于vocab对象的长度。
ntokens = len(vocab.stoi) # the size of vocabularyemsize = 200 # embedding dimensionnhid = 200 # the dimension of the feedforward network model in nn.TransformerEncodernlayers = 2 # the number of nn.TransformerEncoderLayer in nn.TransformerEncodernhead = 2 # the number of heads in the multiheadattention modelsdropout = 0.2 # the dropout valuemodel = TransformerModel(ntokens, emsize, nhead, nhid, nlayers, dropout).to(device)
运行模型
CrossEntropyLoss用于跟踪损失,SGD实现随机梯度下降方法作为优化器。 初始学习率设置为 5.0。 StepLR用于通过历时调整学习率。 在训练期间,我们使用nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_函数将所有梯度缩放在一起,以防止爆炸。
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()lr = 5.0 # learning rateoptimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=lr)scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer, 1.0, gamma=0.95)import timedef train():model.train() # Turn on the train modetotal_loss = 0.start_time = time.time()src_mask = model.generate_square_subsequent_mask(bptt).to(device)for batch, i in enumerate(range(0, train_data.size(0) - 1, bptt)):data, targets = get_batch(train_data, i)optimizer.zero_grad()if data.size(0) != bptt:src_mask = model.generate_square_subsequent_mask(data.size(0)).to(device)output = model(data, src_mask)loss = criterion(output.view(-1, ntokens), targets)loss.backward()torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), 0.5)optimizer.step()total_loss += loss.item()log_interval = 200if batch % log_interval == 0 and batch > 0:cur_loss = total_loss / log_intervalelapsed = time.time() - start_timeprint('| epoch {:3d} | {:5d}/{:5d} batches | ''lr {:02.2f} | ms/batch {:5.2f} | ''loss {:5.2f} | ppl {:8.2f}'.format(epoch, batch, len(train_data) // bptt, scheduler.get_lr()[0],elapsed * 1000 / log_interval,cur_loss, math.exp(cur_loss)))total_loss = 0start_time = time.time()def evaluate(eval_model, data_source):eval_model.eval() # Turn on the evaluation modetotal_loss = 0.src_mask = model.generate_square_subsequent_mask(bptt).to(device)with torch.no_grad():for i in range(0, data_source.size(0) - 1, bptt):data, targets = get_batch(data_source, i)if data.size(0) != bptt:src_mask = model.generate_square_subsequent_mask(data.size(0)).to(device)output = eval_model(data, src_mask)output_flat = output.view(-1, ntokens)total_loss += len(data) * criterion(output_flat, targets).item()return total_loss / (len(data_source) - 1)
循环遍历。 如果验证损失是迄今为止迄今为止最好的,请保存模型。 在每个周期之后调整学习率。
best_val_loss = float("inf")epochs = 3 # The number of epochsbest_model = Nonefor epoch in range(1, epochs + 1):epoch_start_time = time.time()train()val_loss = evaluate(model, val_data)print('-' * 89)print('| end of epoch {:3d} | time: {:5.2f}s | valid loss {:5.2f} | ''valid ppl {:8.2f}'.format(epoch, (time.time() - epoch_start_time),val_loss, math.exp(val_loss)))print('-' * 89)if val_loss < best_val_loss:best_val_loss = val_lossbest_model = modelscheduler.step()
出:
| epoch 1 | 200/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 30.78 | loss 8.03 | ppl 3085.47| epoch 1 | 400/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.85 | loss 6.83 | ppl 929.53| epoch 1 | 600/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.92 | loss 6.41 | ppl 610.71| epoch 1 | 800/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.88 | loss 6.29 | ppl 539.54| epoch 1 | 1000/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.95 | loss 6.17 | ppl 479.92| epoch 1 | 1200/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.95 | loss 6.15 | ppl 468.35| epoch 1 | 1400/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.95 | loss 6.11 | ppl 450.25| epoch 1 | 1600/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.95 | loss 6.10 | ppl 445.77| epoch 1 | 1800/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.97 | loss 6.02 | ppl 409.90| epoch 1 | 2000/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.92 | loss 6.01 | ppl 408.66| epoch 1 | 2200/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.94 | loss 5.90 | ppl 363.89| epoch 1 | 2400/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.94 | loss 5.96 | ppl 388.68| epoch 1 | 2600/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.94 | loss 5.95 | ppl 382.60| epoch 1 | 2800/ 2928 batches | lr 5.00 | ms/batch 29.95 | loss 5.88 | ppl 358.87-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| end of epoch 1 | time: 91.45s | valid loss 5.85 | valid ppl 348.17-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| epoch 2 | 200/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 30.09 | loss 5.86 | ppl 351.70| epoch 2 | 400/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.97 | loss 5.85 | ppl 347.85| epoch 2 | 600/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.98 | loss 5.67 | ppl 288.80| epoch 2 | 800/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.92 | loss 5.70 | ppl 299.81| epoch 2 | 1000/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.95 | loss 5.65 | ppl 285.57| epoch 2 | 1200/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.99 | loss 5.68 | ppl 293.48| epoch 2 | 1400/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.96 | loss 5.69 | ppl 296.90| epoch 2 | 1600/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.96 | loss 5.72 | ppl 303.83| epoch 2 | 1800/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.93 | loss 5.66 | ppl 285.90| epoch 2 | 2000/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.93 | loss 5.67 | ppl 289.58| epoch 2 | 2200/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.97 | loss 5.55 | ppl 257.20| epoch 2 | 2400/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.96 | loss 5.65 | ppl 283.92| epoch 2 | 2600/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.95 | loss 5.65 | ppl 283.76| epoch 2 | 2800/ 2928 batches | lr 4.51 | ms/batch 29.95 | loss 5.60 | ppl 269.90-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| end of epoch 2 | time: 91.37s | valid loss 5.60 | valid ppl 270.66-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| epoch 3 | 200/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 30.12 | loss 5.60 | ppl 269.95| epoch 3 | 400/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.92 | loss 5.62 | ppl 274.84| epoch 3 | 600/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.96 | loss 5.41 | ppl 222.98| epoch 3 | 800/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.93 | loss 5.48 | ppl 240.15| epoch 3 | 1000/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.94 | loss 5.43 | ppl 229.16| epoch 3 | 1200/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.94 | loss 5.48 | ppl 239.42| epoch 3 | 1400/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.95 | loss 5.49 | ppl 242.87| epoch 3 | 1600/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.93 | loss 5.52 | ppl 250.16| epoch 3 | 1800/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.93 | loss 5.47 | ppl 237.70| epoch 3 | 2000/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.94 | loss 5.49 | ppl 241.36| epoch 3 | 2200/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.92 | loss 5.36 | ppl 211.91| epoch 3 | 2400/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.95 | loss 5.47 | ppl 237.16| epoch 3 | 2600/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.94 | loss 5.47 | ppl 236.47| epoch 3 | 2800/ 2928 batches | lr 4.29 | ms/batch 29.92 | loss 5.41 | ppl 223.08-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| end of epoch 3 | time: 91.32s | valid loss 5.61 | valid ppl 272.10-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
使用测试数据集评估模型
应用最佳模型以检查测试数据集的结果。
test_loss = evaluate(best_model, test_data)print('=' * 89)print('| End of training | test loss {:5.2f} | test ppl {:8.2f}'.format(test_loss, math.exp(test_loss)))print('=' * 89)
出:
=========================================================================================| End of training | test loss 5.52 | test ppl 249.05=========================================================================================
脚本的总运行时间:(4 分钟 50.218 秒)
下载 Python 源码:transformer_tutorial.py
下载 Jupyter 笔记本:transformer_tutorial.ipynb
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