Django 2.0 版本发行说明

Django 2.0 版本发行说明

2017 年 12 月 2 日

欢迎来到 Django 2.0 版本!

These release notes cover the new features, as well as some backwards incompatible changes you’ll want to be aware of when upgrading from Django 1.11 or earlier. We’ve dropped some features that have reached the end of their deprecation cycle, and we’ve begun the deprecation process for some features.

This release starts Django’s use of a loose form of semantic versioning, but there aren’t any major backwards incompatible changes that might be expected of a 2.0 release. Upgrading should be a similar amount of effort as past feature releases.

如果你要更新现有的项目，请看 如何将 Django 更新至新的版本 指南。

Python 兼容性

Django 2.0 supports Python 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7. We highly recommend and only officially support the latest release of each series.

Django 1.11.x 系列是支持 Python 2.7 版本的最后一个系列。

Django 2.0 will be the last release series to support Python 3.4. If you plan a deployment of Python 3.4 beyond the end-of-life for Django 2.0 (April 2019), stick with Django 1.11 LTS (supported until April 2020) instead. Note, however, that the end-of-life for Python 3.4 is March 2019.

Third-party library support for older version of Django

Following the release of Django 2.0, we suggest that third-party app authors drop support for all versions of Django prior to 1.11. At that time, you should be able to run your package’s tests using python -Wd so that deprecation warnings do appear. After making the deprecation warning fixes, your app should be compatible with Django 2.0.

Django 2.0 新特性

简化 URL 路由语法

新版本 django.urls.path() 函数使用更简单易读的 URL 路由语法。一个来自 Django 旧版本的例子：

url(r"^articles/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/$", views.year_archive),

could be written as:

path("articles/<int:year>/", views.year_archive),

新版本语法支持对 URL 参数的强制类型转换。在这个例子中，视图将会以数字类型接收参数 year 而不是以字符串类型。而且 URLs 的匹配限制也减少了。例如，因为参数 year 并没有像正则表达式中那样明确限制为四位数，year 为 10000 也会匹配成功。

旧版本中的 django.conf.urls.url() 函数现在可以在 django.urls.re_path() 中获取。前者依然保留，向后兼容，并没有立即弃用。旧版本中的 django.conf.urls.include() 函数现在可以从 django.urls 中导入，这样你就可以在 URLconfs 中使用 from django.urls import include, path, re_path 。

重新编写的文档 URL调度器 涵盖了新的语法并且提供了更多的细节。

contrib.admin 针对移动设备的优化改进

新版本的 admin 可以响应和支持所有主流移动设备。较旧的浏览器可能会遇到不同程度的功能降低。

Window 表达式

The new Window expression allows adding an OVER clause to querysets. You can use window functions and aggregate functions in the expression.

次要特性

django.contrib.admin

django.contrib.auth

  • PBKDF2 密码散列器的默认迭代计数从 36,000 增加到 100,000。

django.contrib.gis

django.contrib.postgres

  • The new distinct argument for ArrayAgg determines if concatenated values will be distinct.
  • The new RandomUUID database function returns a version 4 UUID. It requires use of PostgreSQL’s pgcrypto extension which can be activated using the new CryptoExtension migration operation.
  • django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GinIndex now supports the fastupdate and gin_pending_list_limit parameters.
  • The new GistIndex class allows creating GiST indexes in the database. The new BtreeGistExtension migration operation installs the btree_gist extension to add support for operator classes that aren’t built-in.
  • inspectdb can now introspect JSONField and various RangeFields (django.contrib.postgres must be in INSTALLED_APPS).

django.contrib.sitemaps

  • Added the protocol keyword argument to the GenericSitemap constructor.

缓存

  • cache.set_many() now returns a list of keys that failed to be inserted. For the built-in backends, failed inserts can only happen on memcached.

文件存储

  • File.open() can be used as a context manager, e.g. with file.open() as f:.

表单

通用视图

管理命令

迁移

模型

分页

请求和响应

  • The runserver web server supports HTTP 1.1.

模板

  • To increase the usefulness of Engine.get_default() in third-party apps, it now returns the first engine if multiple DjangoTemplates engines are configured in TEMPLATES rather than raising ImproperlyConfigured.
  • Custom template tags may now accept keyword-only arguments.

测试

验证器

  • The new ProhibitNullCharactersValidator disallows the null character in the input of the CharField form field and its subclasses. Null character input was observed from vulnerability scanning tools. Most databases silently discard null characters, but psycopg2 2.7+ raises an exception when trying to save a null character to a char/text field with PostgreSQL.

Backwards incompatible changes in 2.0

Removed support for bytestrings in some places

To support native Python 2 strings, older Django versions had to accept both bytestrings and Unicode strings. Now that Python 2 support is dropped, bytestrings should only be encountered around input/output boundaries (handling of binary fields or HTTP streams, for example). You might have to update your code to limit bytestring usage to a minimum, as Django no longer accepts bytestrings in certain code paths. Python’s -b option may help detect that mistake in your code.

For example, reverse() now uses str() instead of force_text() to coerce the args and kwargs it receives, prior to their placement in the URL. For bytestrings, this creates a string with an undesired b prefix as well as additional quotes (str(b'foo') is "b'foo'"). To adapt, call decode() on the bytestring before passing it to reverse().

数据库后端 API

本节介绍了第三方数据库后端可能需要的更改。

  • The DatabaseOperations.datetime_cast_date_sql(), datetime_cast_time_sql(), datetime_trunc_sql(), datetime_extract_sql(), and date_interval_sql() methods now return only the SQL to perform the operation instead of SQL and a list of parameters.
  • Third-party database backends should add a DatabaseWrapper.display_name attribute with the name of the database that your backend works with. Django may use it in various messages, such as in system checks.
  • The first argument of SchemaEditor._alter_column_type_sql() is now model rather than table.
  • The first argument of SchemaEditor._create_index_name() is now table_name rather than model.
  • To enable FOR UPDATE OF support, set DatabaseFeatures.has_select_for_update_of = True. If the database requires that the arguments to OF be columns rather than tables, set DatabaseFeatures.select_for_update_of_column = True.
  • To enable support for Window expressions, set DatabaseFeatures.supports_over_clause to True. You may need to customize the DatabaseOperations.window_start_rows_start_end() and/or window_start_range_start_end() methods.
  • Third-party database backends should add a DatabaseOperations.cast_char_field_without_max_length attribute with the database data type that will be used in the Cast function for a CharField if the max_length argument isn’t provided.
  • The first argument of DatabaseCreation._clone_test_db() and get_test_db_clone_settings() is now suffix rather than number (in case you want to rename the signatures in your backend for consistency). django.test also now passes those values as strings rather than as integers.
  • Third-party database backends should add a DatabaseIntrospection.get_sequences() method based on the stub in BaseDatabaseIntrospection.

Dropped support for Oracle 11.2

The end of upstream support for Oracle 11.2 is Dec. 2020. Django 1.11 will be supported until April 2020 which almost reaches this date. Django 2.0 officially supports Oracle 12.1+.

Default MySQL isolation level is read committed

MySQL’s default isolation level, repeatable read, may cause data loss in typical Django usage. To prevent that and for consistency with other databases, the default isolation level is now read committed. You can use the DATABASES setting to use a different isolation level, if needed.

AbstractUser.last_name max_length increased to 150

A migration for django.contrib.auth.models.User.last_name is included. If you have a custom user model inheriting from AbstractUser, you’ll need to generate and apply a database migration for your user model.

If you want to preserve the 30 character limit for last names, use a custom form:

from django.contrib.auth.forms import UserChangeForm

class MyUserChangeForm(UserChangeForm):
    last_name = forms.CharField(max_length=30, required=False)

如果你想在管理中编辑用户时保留这个限制，请将 UserAdmin.form 设置为使用这个表单：

from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.models import User

class MyUserAdmin(UserAdmin):
    form = MyUserChangeForm

admin.site.unregister(User)
admin.site.register(User, MyUserAdmin)

QuerySet.reverse() and last() are prohibited after slicing

Calling QuerySet.reverse() or last() on a sliced queryset leads to unexpected results due to the slice being applied after reordering. This is now prohibited, e.g.:

>>> Model.objects.all()[:2].reverse()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Cannot reverse a query once a slice has been taken.

Form fields no longer accept optional arguments as positional arguments

To help prevent runtime errors due to incorrect ordering of form field arguments, optional arguments of built-in form fields are no longer accepted as positional arguments. For example:

forms.IntegerField(25, 10)

raises an exception and should be replaced with:

forms.IntegerField(max_value=25, min_value=10)

call_command() validates the options it receives

call_command() now validates that the argument parser of the command being called defines all of the options passed to call_command().

For custom management commands that use options not created using parser.add_argument(), add a stealth_options attribute on the command:

class MyCommand(BaseCommand):
    stealth_options = ("option_name", ...)

Indexes no longer accept positional arguments

例子：

models.Index(["headline", "-pub_date"], "index_name")

raises an exception and should be replaced with:

models.Index(fields=["headline", "-pub_date"], name="index_name")

Foreign key constraints are now enabled on SQLite

This will appear as a backwards-incompatible change (IntegrityError: FOREIGN KEY constraint failed) if attempting to save an existing model instance that’s violating a foreign key constraint.

Foreign keys are now created with DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED instead of DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE. Thus, tables may need to be rebuilt to recreate foreign keys with the new definition, particularly if you’re using a pattern like this:

from django.db import transaction

with transaction.atomic():
    Book.objects.create(author_id=1)
    Author.objects.create(id=1)

If you don’t recreate the foreign key as DEFERRED, the first create() would fail now that foreign key constraints are enforced.

Backup your database first! After upgrading to Django 2.0, you can then rebuild tables using a script similar to this:

from django.apps import apps
from django.db import connection

for app in apps.get_app_configs():
    for model in app.get_models(include_auto_created=True):
        if model._meta.managed and not (model._meta.proxy or model._meta.swapped):
            for base in model.__bases__:
                if hasattr(base, "_meta"):
                    base._meta.local_many_to_many = []
            model._meta.local_many_to_many = []
            with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                editor._remake_table(model)

This script hasn’t received extensive testing and needs adaption for various cases such as multiple databases. Feel free to contribute improvements.

In addition, because of a table alteration limitation of SQLite, it’s prohibited to perform RenameModel and RenameField operations on models or fields referenced by other models in a transaction. In order to allow migrations containing these operations to be applied, you must set the Migration.atomic attribute to False.

杂项

  • The SessionAuthenticationMiddleware class is removed. It provided no functionality since session authentication is unconditionally enabled in Django 1.10.

  • The default HTTP error handlers (handler404, etc.) are now callables instead of dotted Python path strings. Django favors callable references since they provide better performance and debugging experience.

  • RedirectView no longer silences NoReverseMatch if the pattern_name doesn’t exist.

  • When USE_L10N is off, FloatField and DecimalField now respect DECIMAL_SEPARATOR and THOUSAND_SEPARATOR during validation. For example, with the settings:

USE_L10N = False
USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = True
DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."

an input of "1.345" is now converted to 1345 instead of 1.345.

  • Subclasses of AbstractBaseUser are no longer required to implement get_short_name() and get_full_name(). (The base implementations that raise NotImplementedError are removed.) django.contrib.admin uses these methods if implemented but doesn’t require them. Third-party apps that use these methods may want to adopt a similar approach.

  • The FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK and NUMBER_GROUPING format settings are now kept as integers in JavaScript and JSON i18n view outputs.

  • assertNumQueries() now ignores connection configuration queries. Previously, if a test opened a new database connection, those queries could be included as part of the assertNumQueries() count.

  • The default size of the Oracle test tablespace is increased from 20M to 50M and the default autoextend size is increased from 10M to 25M.

  • To improve performance when streaming large result sets from the database, QuerySet.iterator() now fetches 2000 rows at a time instead of 100. The old behavior can be restored using the chunk_size parameter. For example:

Book.objects.iterator(chunk_size=100)

  • Providing unknown package names in the packages argument of the JavaScriptCatalog view now raises ValueError instead of passing silently.

  • A model instance’s primary key now appears in the default Model.__str__() method, e.g. Question object (1).

  • makemigrations now detects changes to the model field limit_choices_to option. Add this to your existing migrations or accept an auto-generated migration for fields that use it.

  • Performing queries that require automatic spatial transformations now raises NotImplementedError on MySQL instead of silently using non-transformed geometries.

  • django.core.exceptions.DjangoRuntimeWarning is removed. It was only used in the cache backend as an intermediate class in CacheKeyWarning‘s inheritance of RuntimeWarning.

  • Renamed BaseExpression._output_field to output_field. You may need to update custom expressions.

  • In older versions, forms and formsets combine their Media with widget Media by concatenating the two. The combining now tries to preserve the relative order of elements in each list. MediaOrderConflictWarning is issued if the order can’t be preserved.

  • django.contrib.gis.gdal.OGRException is removed. It’s been an alias for GDALException since Django 1.8.

  • Support for GEOS 3.3.x is dropped.

  • The way data is selected for GeometryField is changed to improve performance, and in raw SQL queries, those fields must now be wrapped in connection.ops.select. See the Raw queries note in the GIS tutorial for an example.

在 2.0 中被废弃的功能

context argument of Field.from_db_value() and Expression.convert_value()

The context argument of Field.from_db_value() and Expression.convert_value() is unused as it’s always an empty dictionary. The signature of both methods is now:

(self, value, expression, connection)

替换成：

(self, value, expression, connection, context)

Support for the old signature in custom fields and expressions remains until Django 3.0.

杂项

  • The django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2 module is deprecated in favor of django.db.backends.postgresql. It’s been an alias since Django 1.9. This only affects code that imports from the module directly. The DATABASES setting can still use 'django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2', though you can simplify that by using the 'django.db.backends.postgresql' name added in Django 1.9.
  • django.shortcuts.render_to_response() is deprecated in favor of django.shortcuts.render(). render() takes the same arguments except that it also requires a request.
  • The DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE setting is deprecated. It doesn’t interact well with third-party apps and is obsolete since HTML5 has mostly superseded XHTML.
  • HttpRequest.xreadlines() is deprecated in favor of iterating over the request.
  • The field_name keyword argument to QuerySet.earliest() and QuerySet.latest() is deprecated in favor of passing the field names as arguments. Write .earliest('pub_date') instead of .earliest(field_name='pub_date').

Features removed in 2.0

These features have reached the end of their deprecation cycle and are removed in Django 2.0.

See 在 1.9 中被废弃的功能 for details on these changes, including how to remove usage of these features.

  • The weak argument to django.dispatch.signals.Signal.disconnect() is removed.
  • django.db.backends.base.BaseDatabaseOperations.check_aggregate_support() is removed.
  • The django.forms.extras package is removed.
  • The assignment_tag helper is removed.
  • The host argument to SimpleTestCase.assertsRedirects() is removed. The compatibility layer which allows absolute URLs to be considered equal to relative ones when the path is identical is also removed.
  • Field.rel and Field.remote_field.to are removed.
  • The on_delete argument for ForeignKey and OneToOneField is now required in models and migrations. Consider squashing migrations so that you have fewer of them to update.
  • django.db.models.fields.add_lazy_relation() is removed.
  • When time zone support is enabled, database backends that don’t support time zones no longer convert aware datetimes to naive values in UTC anymore when such values are passed as parameters to SQL queries executed outside of the ORM, e.g. with cursor.execute().
  • django.contrib.auth.tests.utils.skipIfCustomUser() is removed.
  • The GeoManager and GeoQuerySet classes are removed.
  • The django.contrib.gis.geoip module is removed.
  • The supports_recursion check for template loaders is removed from:
    • django.template.engine.Engine.find_template()
    • django.template.loader_tags.ExtendsNode.find_template()
    • django.template.loaders.base.Loader.supports_recursion()
    • django.template.loaders.cached.Loader.supports_recursion()
  • The load_template and load_template_sources template loader methods are removed.
  • The template_dirs argument for template loaders is removed:
    • django.template.loaders.base.Loader.get_template()
    • django.template.loaders.cached.Loader.cache_key()
    • django.template.loaders.cached.Loader.get_template()
    • django.template.loaders.cached.Loader.get_template_sources()
    • django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader.get_template_sources()
  • django.template.loaders.base.Loader.__call__() is removed.
  • Support for custom error views that don’t accept an exception parameter is removed.
  • The mime_type attribute of django.utils.feedgenerator.Atom1Feed and django.utils.feedgenerator.RssFeed is removed.
  • The app_name argument to include() is removed.
  • Support for passing a 3-tuple (including admin.site.urls) as the first argument to include() is removed.
  • Support for setting a URL instance namespace without an application namespace is removed.
  • Field._get_val_from_obj() is removed.
  • django.template.loaders.eggs.Loader is removed.
  • The current_app parameter to the contrib.auth function-based views is removed.
  • The callable_obj keyword argument to SimpleTestCase.assertRaisesMessage() is removed.
  • Support for the allow_tags attribute on ModelAdmin methods is removed.
  • The enclosure keyword argument to SyndicationFeed.add_item() is removed.
  • The django.template.loader.LoaderOrigin and django.template.base.StringOrigin aliases for django.template.base.Origin are removed.

See 在 1.10 中被废弃的功能 for details on these changes.

  • The makemigrations --exit option is removed.
  • Support for direct assignment to a reverse foreign key or many-to-many relation is removed.
  • The get_srid() and set_srid() methods of django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry are removed.
  • The get_x(), set_x(), get_y(), set_y(), get_z(), and set_z() methods of django.contrib.gis.geos.Point are removed.
  • The get_coords() and set_coords() methods of django.contrib.gis.geos.Point are removed.
  • The cascaded_union property of django.contrib.gis.geos.MultiPolygon is removed.
  • django.utils.functional.allow_lazy() is removed.
  • The shell --plain option is removed.
  • The django.core.urlresolvers module is removed in favor of its new location, django.urls.
  • CommaSeparatedIntegerField is removed, except for support in historical migrations.
  • The template Context.has_key() method is removed.
  • Support for the django.core.files.storage.Storage.accessed_time(), created_time(), and modified_time() methods is removed.
  • Support for query lookups using the model name when Meta.default_related_name is set is removed.
  • The MySQL __search lookup is removed.
  • The shim for supporting custom related manager classes without a _apply_rel_filters() method is removed.
  • Using User.is_authenticated() and User.is_anonymous() as methods rather than properties is no longer supported.
  • The Model._meta.virtual_fields attribute is removed.
  • The keyword arguments virtual_only in Field.contribute_to_class() and virtual in Model._meta.add_field() are removed.
  • The javascript_catalog() and json_catalog() views are removed.
  • django.contrib.gis.utils.precision_wkt() is removed.
  • In multi-table inheritance, implicit promotion of a OneToOneField to a parent_link is removed.
  • Support for Widget._format_value() is removed.
  • FileField methods get_directory_name() and get_filename() are removed.
  • The mark_for_escaping() function and the classes it uses: EscapeData, EscapeBytes, EscapeText, EscapeString, and EscapeUnicode are removed.
  • The escape filter now uses django.utils.html.conditional_escape().
  • Manager.use_for_related_fields is removed.
  • Model Manager inheritance follows MRO inheritance rules. The requirement to use Meta.manager_inheritance_from_future to opt-in to the behavior is removed.
  • Support for old-style middleware using settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES is removed.