更新

保存所有字段

Save 会保存所有的字段,即使字段是零值

db.First(&user)

user.Name = "jinzhu 2"
user.Age = 100
db.Save(&user)
// UPDATE users SET name='jinzhu 2', age=100, birthday='2016-01-01', updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

保存 是一个组合函数。 如果保存值不包含主键,它将执行 Create,否则它将执行 Update (包含所有字段)。

db.Save(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 100})
// INSERT INTO `users` (`name`,`age`,`birthday`,`update_at`) VALUES ("jinzhu",100,"0000-00-00 00:00:00","0000-00-00 00:00:00")

db.Save(&User{ID: 1, Name: "jinzhu", Age: 100})
// UPDATE `users` SET `name`="jinzhu",`age`=100,`birthday`="0000-00-00 00:00:00",`update_at`="0000-00-00 00:00:00" WHERE `id` = 1

NOTE 不要将 Save 和 Model一同使用, 这是 未定义的行为 。

更新单个列

当使用 Update 更新单列时,需要有一些条件,否则将会引起ErrMissingWhereClause 错误,查看 阻止全局更新 了解详情。 当使用 Model 方法,并且它有主键值时,主键将会被用于构建条件,例如:

// 根据条件更新
db.Model(&User{}).Where("active = ?", true).Update("name", "hello")
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE active=true;

// User 的 ID 是 `111`
db.Model(&user).Update("name", "hello")
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

// 根据条件和 model 的值进行更新
db.Model(&user).Where("active = ?", true).Update("name", "hello")
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111 AND active=true;

更新多列

Updates 方法支持 struct 和 map[string]interface{} 参数。当使用 struct 更新时,默认情况下GORM 只会更新非零值的字段

// 根据 `struct` 更新属性,只会更新非零值的字段
db.Model(&user).Updates(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18, Active: false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18, updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id = 111;

// 根据 `map` 更新属性
db.Model(&user).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "active": false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18, active=false, updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

注意 使用 struct 更新时, GORM 将只更新非零值字段。 你可能想用 map 来更新属性,或者使用 Select 声明字段来更新

更新选定字段

如果您想要在更新时选择、忽略某些字段,您可以使用 Select、Omit

// 选择 Map 的字段
// User 的 ID 是 `111`:
db.Model(&user).Select("name").Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "active": false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello' WHERE id=111;

db.Model(&user).Omit("name").Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "active": false})
// UPDATE users SET age=18, active=false, updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

// 选择 Struct 的字段(会选中零值的字段)
db.Model(&user).Select("Name", "Age").Updates(User{Name: "new_name", Age: 0})
// UPDATE users SET name='new_name', age=0 WHERE id=111;

// 选择所有字段(选择包括零值字段的所有字段)
db.Model(&user).Select("*").Updates(User{Name: "jinzhu", Role: "admin", Age: 0})

// 选择除 Role 外的所有字段(包括零值字段的所有字段)
db.Model(&user).Select("*").Omit("Role").Updates(User{Name: "jinzhu", Role: "admin", Age: 0})

更新 Hook

GORM 支持的 hook 包括:BeforeSave, BeforeUpdate, AfterSave, AfterUpdate. 更新记录时将调用这些方法,查看 Hooks 获取详细信息

func (u *User) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
    if u.Role == "admin" {
        return errors.New("admin user not allowed to update")
    }
    return
}

批量更新

如果没有通过 Model 指定一个含有主键的记录,GORM 会执行批量更新

// Update with struct
db.Model(User{}).Where("role = ?", "admin").Updates(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18 WHERE role = 'admin';

// Update with map
db.Table("users").Where("id IN ?", []int{10, 11}).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18 WHERE id IN (10, 11);

阻止全局更新

如果你执行一个没有任何条件的批量更新,GORM 默认不会运行,并且会返回 ErrMissingWhereClause 错误

你可以用一些条件,使用原生 SQL 或者启用 AllowGlobalUpdate 模式,例如:

db.Model(&User{}).Update("name", "jinzhu").Error // gorm.ErrMissingWhereClause

db.Model(&User{}).Where("1 = 1").Update("name", "jinzhu")
// UPDATE users SET `name` = "jinzhu" WHERE 1=1

db.Exec("UPDATE users SET name = ?", "jinzhu")
// UPDATE users SET name = "jinzhu"

db.Session(&gorm.Session{AllowGlobalUpdate: true}).Model(&User{}).Update("name", "jinzhu")
// UPDATE users SET `name` = "jinzhu"

更新的记录数

Get the number of rows affected by a update

// Get updated records count with `RowsAffected`
result := db.Model(User{}).Where("role = ?", "admin").Updates(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18 WHERE role = 'admin';

result.RowsAffected // returns updated records count
result.Error        // returns updating error

高级选项

使用 SQL 表达式更新

GORM 允许用 SQL 表达式更新列,例如:

// product's ID is `3`
db.Model(&product).Update("price", gorm.Expr("price * ? + ?", 2, 100))
// UPDATE "products" SET "price" = price * 2 + 100, "updated_at" = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE "id" = 3;

db.Model(&product).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"price": gorm.Expr("price * ? + ?", 2, 100)})
// UPDATE "products" SET "price" = price * 2 + 100, "updated_at" = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE "id" = 3;

db.Model(&product).UpdateColumn("quantity", gorm.Expr("quantity - ?", 1))
// UPDATE "products" SET "quantity" = quantity - 1 WHERE "id" = 3;

db.Model(&product).Where("quantity > 1").UpdateColumn("quantity", gorm.Expr("quantity - ?", 1))
// UPDATE "products" SET "quantity" = quantity - 1 WHERE "id" = 3 AND quantity > 1;

另外,GORM 也允许 SQL 表达式或是带有 自定义数据类型 的 Content Valuer,例如:

// Create from customized data type
type Location struct {
    X, Y int
}

func (loc Location) GormValue(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) clause.Expr {
  return clause.Expr{
    SQL:  "ST_PointFromText(?)",
    Vars: []interface{}{fmt.Sprintf("POINT(%d %d)", loc.X, loc.Y)},
  }
}

db.Model(&User{ID: 1}).Updates(User{
  Name:  "jinzhu",
  Location: Location{X: 100, Y: 100},
})
// UPDATE `user_with_points` SET `name`="jinzhu",`location`=ST_PointFromText("POINT(100 100)") WHERE `id` = 1

根据子查询进行更新

使用子查询更新一个表

db.Model(&user).Update("company_name", db.Model(&Company{}).Select("name").Where("companies.id = users.company_id"))
// UPDATE "users" SET "company_name" = (SELECT name FROM companies WHERE companies.id = users.company_id);

db.Table("users as u").Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Update("company_name", db.Table("companies as c").Select("name").Where("c.id = u.company_id"))

db.Table("users as u").Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Updates(map[string]interface{}{"company_name": db.Table("companies as c").Select("name").Where("c.id = u.company_id")})

不使用 Hook 和时间追踪

如果你希望更新时跳过 Hook 方法,并且不追踪更新的时间,你可以使用 UpdateColumn, UpdateColumns, 它们的用法类似于 Update, Updates

// Update single column
db.Model(&user).UpdateColumn("name", "hello")
// UPDATE users SET name='hello' WHERE id = 111;

// Update multiple columns
db.Model(&user).UpdateColumns(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18 WHERE id = 111;

// Update selected columns
db.Model(&user).Select("name", "age").UpdateColumns(User{Name: "hello", Age: 0})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=0 WHERE id = 111;

返回修改行的数据

Returning changed data only works for databases which support Returning, for example:

// return all columns
var users []User
db.Model(&users).Clauses(clause.Returning{}).Where("role = ?", "admin").Update("salary", gorm.Expr("salary * ?", 2))
// UPDATE `users` SET `salary`=salary * 2,`updated_at`="2021-10-28 17:37:23.19" WHERE role = "admin" RETURNING *
// users => []User{{ID: 1, Name: "jinzhu", Role: "admin", Salary: 100}, {ID: 2, Name: "jinzhu.2", Role: "admin", Salary: 1000}}

// return specified columns
db.Model(&users).Clauses(clause.Returning{Columns: []clause.Column{{Name: "name"}, {Name: "salary"}}}).Where("role = ?", "admin").Update("salary", gorm.Expr("salary * ?", 2))
// UPDATE `users` SET `salary`=salary * 2,`updated_at`="2021-10-28 17:37:23.19" WHERE role = "admin" RETURNING `name`, `salary`
// users => []User{{ID: 0, Name: "jinzhu", Role: "", Salary: 100}, {ID: 0, Name: "jinzhu.2", Role: "", Salary: 1000}}

检查字段是否有变更?

GORM provides the Changed method which could be used in Before Update Hooks , it will return whether the field has changed or not.

The Changed method only works with methods Update, Updates, and it only checks if the updating value from Update / Updates equals the model value. It will return true if it is changed and not omitted

func (u *User) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
  // if Role changed
    if tx.Statement.Changed("Role") {
    return errors.New("role not allowed to change")
    }

  if tx.Statement.Changed("Name", "Admin") { // if Name or Role changed
    tx.Statement.SetColumn("Age", 18)
  }

  // if any fields changed
    if tx.Statement.Changed() {
        tx.Statement.SetColumn("RefreshedAt", time.Now())
    }
    return nil
}

db.Model(&User{ID: 1, Name: "jinzhu"}).Updates(map[string]interface{"name": "jinzhu2"})
// Changed("Name") => true
db.Model(&User{ID: 1, Name: "jinzhu"}).Updates(map[string]interface{"name": "jinzhu"})
// Changed("Name") => false, `Name` not changed
db.Model(&User{ID: 1, Name: "jinzhu"}).Select("Admin").Updates(map[string]interface{
  "name": "jinzhu2", "admin": false,
})
// Changed("Name") => false, `Name` not selected to update

db.Model(&User{ID: 1, Name: "jinzhu"}).Updates(User{Name: "jinzhu2"})
// Changed("Name") => true
db.Model(&User{ID: 1, Name: "jinzhu"}).Updates(User{Name: "jinzhu"})
// Changed("Name") => false, `Name` not changed
db.Model(&User{ID: 1, Name: "jinzhu"}).Select("Admin").Updates(User{Name: "jinzhu2"})
// Changed("Name") => false, `Name` not selected to update

在 Update 时修改值

To change updating values in Before Hooks, you should use SetColumn unless it is a full update with Save, for example:

func (user *User) BeforeSave(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
  if pw, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword(user.Password, 0); err == nil {
    tx.Statement.SetColumn("EncryptedPassword", pw)
  }

  if tx.Statement.Changed("Code") {
    user.Age += 20
    tx.Statement.SetColumn("Age", user.Age)
  }
}

db.Model(&user).Update("Name", "jinzhu")