Mail

Mail

Introduction

Sending email doesn’t have to be complicated. Laravel provides a clean, simple email API powered by the popular Symfony Mailer component. Laravel and Symfony Mailer provide drivers for sending email via SMTP, Mailgun, Postmark, Resend, Amazon SES, and sendmail, allowing you to quickly get started sending mail through a local or cloud based service of your choice.

Configuration

Laravel’s email services may be configured via your application’s config/mail.php configuration file. Each mailer configured within this file may have its own unique configuration and even its own unique “transport”, allowing your application to use different email services to send certain email messages. For example, your application might use Postmark to send transactional emails while using Amazon SES to send bulk emails.

Within your mail configuration file, you will find a mailers configuration array. This array contains a sample configuration entry for each of the major mail drivers / transports supported by Laravel, while the default configuration value determines which mailer will be used by default when your application needs to send an email message.

Driver / Transport Prerequisites

The API based drivers such as Mailgun, Postmark, Resend, and MailerSend are often simpler and faster than sending mail via SMTP servers. Whenever possible, we recommend that you use one of these drivers.

Mailgun Driver

To use the Mailgun driver, install Symfony’s Mailgun Mailer transport via Composer:

composer require symfony/mailgun-mailer symfony/http-client

composer require symfony/mailgun-mailer symfony/http-client

Next, you will need to make two changes in your application’s config/mail.php configuration file. First, set your default mailer to mailgun:

'default' => env('MAIL_MAILER', 'mailgun'),

'default' => env('MAIL_MAILER', 'mailgun'),

Second, add the following configuration array to your array of mailers:

'mailgun' => [
    'transport' => 'mailgun',
    // 'client' => [
    //     'timeout' => 5,
    // ],
],

'mailgun' => [
    'transport' => 'mailgun',
    // 'client' => [
    //     'timeout' => 5,
    // ],
],

After configuring your application’s default mailer, add the following options to your config/services.php configuration file:

'mailgun' => [
    'domain' => env('MAILGUN_DOMAIN'),
    'secret' => env('MAILGUN_SECRET'),
    'endpoint' => env('MAILGUN_ENDPOINT', 'api.mailgun.net'),
    'scheme' => 'https',
],

'mailgun' => [
    'domain' => env('MAILGUN_DOMAIN'),
    'secret' => env('MAILGUN_SECRET'),
    'endpoint' => env('MAILGUN_ENDPOINT', 'api.mailgun.net'),
    'scheme' => 'https',
],

If you are not using the United States Mailgun region, you may define your region’s endpoint in the services configuration file:

'mailgun' => [
    'domain' => env('MAILGUN_DOMAIN'),
    'secret' => env('MAILGUN_SECRET'),
    'endpoint' => env('MAILGUN_ENDPOINT', 'api.eu.mailgun.net'),
    'scheme' => 'https',
],

'mailgun' => [
    'domain' => env('MAILGUN_DOMAIN'),
    'secret' => env('MAILGUN_SECRET'),
    'endpoint' => env('MAILGUN_ENDPOINT', 'api.eu.mailgun.net'),
    'scheme' => 'https',
],

Postmark Driver

To use the Postmark driver, install Symfony’s Postmark Mailer transport via Composer:

composer require symfony/postmark-mailer symfony/http-client

composer require symfony/postmark-mailer symfony/http-client

Next, set the default option in your application’s config/mail.php configuration file to postmark. After configuring your application’s default mailer, ensure that your config/services.php configuration file contains the following options:

'postmark' => [
    'token' => env('POSTMARK_TOKEN'),
],

'postmark' => [
    'token' => env('POSTMARK_TOKEN'),
],

If you would like to specify the Postmark message stream that should be used by a given mailer, you may add the message_stream_id configuration option to the mailer’s configuration array. This configuration array can be found in your application’s config/mail.php configuration file:

'postmark' => [
    'transport' => 'postmark',
    'message_stream_id' => env('POSTMARK_MESSAGE_STREAM_ID'),
    // 'client' => [
    //     'timeout' => 5,
    // ],
],

'postmark' => [
    'transport' => 'postmark',
    'message_stream_id' => env('POSTMARK_MESSAGE_STREAM_ID'),
    // 'client' => [
    //     'timeout' => 5,
    // ],
],

This way you are also able to set up multiple Postmark mailers with different message streams.

Resend Driver

To use the Resend driver, install Resend’s PHP SDK via Composer:

composer require resend/resend-php

composer require resend/resend-php

Next, set the default option in your application’s config/mail.php configuration file to resend. After configuring your application’s default mailer, ensure that your config/services.php configuration file contains the following options:

'resend' => [
    'key' => env('RESEND_KEY'),
],

'resend' => [
    'key' => env('RESEND_KEY'),
],

SES Driver

To use the Amazon SES driver you must first install the Amazon AWS SDK for PHP. You may install this library via the Composer package manager:

composer require aws/aws-sdk-php

composer require aws/aws-sdk-php

Next, set the default option in your config/mail.php configuration file to ses and verify that your config/services.php configuration file contains the following options:

'ses' => [
    'key' => env('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'),
    'secret' => env('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'),
    'region' => env('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION', 'us-east-1'),
],

'ses' => [
    'key' => env('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'),
    'secret' => env('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'),
    'region' => env('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION', 'us-east-1'),
],

To utilize AWS temporary credentials via a session token, you may add a token key to your application’s SES configuration:

'ses' => [
    'key' => env('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'),
    'secret' => env('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'),
    'region' => env('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION', 'us-east-1'),
    'token' => env('AWS_SESSION_TOKEN'),
],

'ses' => [
    'key' => env('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'),
    'secret' => env('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'),
    'region' => env('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION', 'us-east-1'),
    'token' => env('AWS_SESSION_TOKEN'),
],

To interact with SES’s subscription management features, you may return the X-Ses-List-Management-Options header in the array returned by the headers method of a mail message:

/**
 * Get the message headers.
 */
public function headers(): Headers
{
    return new Headers(
        text: [
            'X-Ses-List-Management-Options' => 'contactListName=MyContactList;topicName=MyTopic',
        ],
    );
}

/**
 * Get the message headers.
 */
public function headers(): Headers
{
    return new Headers(
        text: [
            'X-Ses-List-Management-Options' => 'contactListName=MyContactList;topicName=MyTopic',
        ],
    );
}

If you would like to define additional options that Laravel should pass to the AWS SDK’s SendEmail method when sending an email, you may define an options array within your ses configuration:

'ses' => [
    'key' => env('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'),
    'secret' => env('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'),
    'region' => env('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION', 'us-east-1'),
    'options' => [
        'ConfigurationSetName' => 'MyConfigurationSet',
        'EmailTags' => [
            ['Name' => 'foo', 'Value' => 'bar'],
        ],
    ],
],

'ses' => [
    'key' => env('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'),
    'secret' => env('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'),
    'region' => env('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION', 'us-east-1'),
    'options' => [
        'ConfigurationSetName' => 'MyConfigurationSet',
        'EmailTags' => [
            ['Name' => 'foo', 'Value' => 'bar'],
        ],
    ],
],

MailerSend Driver

MailerSend, a transactional email and SMS service, maintains their own API based mail driver for Laravel. The package containing the driver may be installed via the Composer package manager:

composer require mailersend/laravel-driver

composer require mailersend/laravel-driver

Once the package is installed, add the MAILERSEND_API_KEY environment variable to your application’s .env file. In addition, the MAIL_MAILER environment variable should be defined as mailersend:

MAIL_MAILER=mailersend
MAIL_FROM_ADDRESS[email protected]
MAIL_FROM_NAME="App Name"

MAILERSEND_API_KEY=your-api-key

MAIL_MAILER=mailersend
[email protected]
MAIL_FROM_NAME="App Name"

MAILERSEND_API_KEY=your-api-key

Finally, add MailerSend to the mailers array in your application’s config/mail.php configuration file:

'mailersend' => [
    'transport' => 'mailersend',
],

'mailersend' => [
    'transport' => 'mailersend',
],

To learn more about MailerSend, including how to use hosted templates, consult the MailerSend driver documentation.

Failover Configuration

Sometimes, an external service you have configured to send your application’s mail may be down. In these cases, it can be useful to define one or more backup mail delivery configurations that will be used in case your primary delivery driver is down.

To accomplish this, you should define a mailer within your application’s mail configuration file that uses the failover transport. The configuration array for your application’s failover mailer should contain an array of mailers that reference the order in which configured mailers should be chosen for delivery:

'mailers' => [
    'failover' => [
        'transport' => 'failover',
        'mailers' => [
            'postmark',
            'mailgun',
            'sendmail',
        ],
    ],

    // ...
],

'mailers' => [
    'failover' => [
        'transport' => 'failover',
        'mailers' => [
            'postmark',
            'mailgun',
            'sendmail',
        ],
    ],

    // ...
],

Once your failover mailer has been defined, you should set this mailer as the default mailer used by your application by specifying its name as the value of the default configuration key within your application’s mail configuration file:

'default' => env('MAIL_MAILER', 'failover'),

'default' => env('MAIL_MAILER', 'failover'),

Round Robin Configuration

The roundrobin transport allows you to distribute your mailing workload across multiple mailers. To get started, define a mailer within your application’s mail configuration file that uses the roundrobin transport. The configuration array for your application’s roundrobin mailer should contain an array of mailers that reference which configured mailers should be used for delivery:

'mailers' => [
    'roundrobin' => [
        'transport' => 'roundrobin',
        'mailers' => [
            'ses',
            'postmark',
        ],
    ],

    // ...
],

'mailers' => [
    'roundrobin' => [
        'transport' => 'roundrobin',
        'mailers' => [
            'ses',
            'postmark',
        ],
    ],

    // ...
],

Once your round robin mailer has been defined, you should set this mailer as the default mailer used by your application by specifying its name as the value of the default configuration key within your application’s mail configuration file:

'default' => env('MAIL_MAILER', 'roundrobin'),

'default' => env('MAIL_MAILER', 'roundrobin'),

The round robin transport selects a random mailer from the list of configured mailers and then switches to the next available mailer for each subsequent email. In contrast to failover transport, which helps to achieve high availability , the roundrobin transport provides load balancing.

Generating Mailables

When building Laravel applications, each type of email sent by your application is represented as a “mailable” class. These classes are stored in the app/Mail directory. Don’t worry if you don’t see this directory in your application, since it will be generated for you when you create your first mailable class using the make:mail Artisan command:

php artisan make:mail OrderShipped

php artisan make:mail OrderShipped

Writing Mailables

Once you have generated a mailable class, open it up so we can explore its contents. Mailable class configuration is done in several methods, including the envelope, content, and attachments methods.

The envelope method returns an Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Envelope object that defines the subject and, sometimes, the recipients of the message. The content method returns an Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Content object that defines the Blade template that will be used to generate the message content.

Configuring the Sender

Using the Envelope

First, let’s explore configuring the sender of the email. Or, in other words, who the email is going to be “from”. There are two ways to configure the sender. First, you may specify the “from” address on your message’s envelope:

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Address;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Envelope;

/**
 * Get the message envelope.
 */
public function envelope(): Envelope
{
    return new Envelope(
        from: new Address('[email protected]', 'Jeffrey Way'),
        subject: 'Order Shipped',
    );
}

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Address;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Envelope;

/**
 * Get the message envelope.
 */
public function envelope(): Envelope
{
    return new Envelope(
        from: new Address('[email protected]', 'Jeffrey Way'),
        subject: 'Order Shipped',
    );
}

If you would like, you may also specify a replyTo address:

return new Envelope(
    from: new Address('[email protected]', 'Jeffrey Way'),
    replyTo: [
        new Address('[email protected]', 'Taylor Otwell'),
    ],
    subject: 'Order Shipped',
);

return new Envelope(
    from: new Address('[email protected]', 'Jeffrey Way'),
    replyTo: [
        new Address('[email protected]', 'Taylor Otwell'),
    ],
    subject: 'Order Shipped',
);

Using a Global from Address

However, if your application uses the same “from” address for all of its emails, it can become cumbersome to add it to each mailable class you generate. Instead, you may specify a global “from” address in your config/mail.php configuration file. This address will be used if no other “from” address is specified within the mailable class:

'from' => [
    'address' => env('MAIL_FROM_ADDRESS', '[email protected]'),
    'name' => env('MAIL_FROM_NAME', 'Example'),
],

'from' => [
    'address' => env('MAIL_FROM_ADDRESS', '[email protected]'),
    'name' => env('MAIL_FROM_NAME', 'Example'),
],

In addition, you may define a global “reply_to” address within your config/mail.php configuration file:

'reply_to' => ['address' => '[email protected]', 'name' => 'App Name'],

'reply_to' => ['address' => '[email protected]', 'name' => 'App Name'],

Configuring the View

Within a mailable class’s content method, you may define the view, or which template should be used when rendering the email’s contents. Since each email typically uses a Blade template to render its contents, you have the full power and convenience of the Blade templating engine when building your email’s HTML:

/**
 * Get the message content definition.
 */
public function content(): Content
{
    return new Content(
        view: 'mail.orders.shipped',
    );
}

/**
 * Get the message content definition.
 */
public function content(): Content
{
    return new Content(
        view: 'mail.orders.shipped',
    );
}

You may wish to create a resources/views/emails directory to house all of your email templates; however, you are free to place them wherever you wish within your resources/views directory.

Plain Text Emails

If you would like to define a plain-text version of your email, you may specify the plain-text template when creating the message’s Content definition. Like the view parameter, the text parameter should be a template name which will be used to render the contents of the email. You are free to define both an HTML and plain-text version of your message:

/**
 * Get the message content definition.
 */
public function content(): Content
{
    return new Content(
        view: 'mail.orders.shipped',
        text: 'mail.orders.shipped-text'
    );
}

/**
 * Get the message content definition.
 */
public function content(): Content
{
    return new Content(
        view: 'mail.orders.shipped',
        text: 'mail.orders.shipped-text'
    );
}

For clarity, the html parameter may be used as an alias of the view parameter:

return new Content(
    html: 'mail.orders.shipped',
    text: 'mail.orders.shipped-text'
);

return new Content(
    html: 'mail.orders.shipped',
    text: 'mail.orders.shipped-text'
);

View Data

Via Public Properties

Typically, you will want to pass some data to your view that you can utilize when rendering the email’s HTML. There are two ways you may make data available to your view. First, any public property defined on your mailable class will automatically be made available to the view. So, for example, you may pass data into your mailable class’s constructor and set that data to public properties defined on the class:

<?php

namespace App\Mail;

use App\Models\Order;
use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailable;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Content;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;

class OrderShipped extends Mailable
{
    use Queueable, SerializesModels;

    /**
     * Create a new message instance.
     */
    public function __construct(
        public Order $order,
    ) {}

    /**
     * Get the message content definition.
     */
    public function content(): Content
    {
        return new Content(
            view: 'mail.orders.shipped',
        );
    }
}

<?php

namespace App\Mail;

use App\Models\Order;
use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailable;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Content;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;

class OrderShipped extends Mailable
{
    use Queueable, SerializesModels;

    /**
     * Create a new message instance.
     */
    public function __construct(
        public Order $order,
    ) {}

    /**
     * Get the message content definition.
     */
    public function content(): Content
    {
        return new Content(
            view: 'mail.orders.shipped',
        );
    }
}

Once the data has been set to a public property, it will automatically be available in your view, so you may access it like you would access any other data in your Blade templates:

<div>
    Price: {{ $order->price }}
</div>

<div>
    Price: {{ $order->price }}
</div>

Via the with Parameter:

If you would like to customize the format of your email’s data before it is sent to the template, you may manually pass your data to the view via the Content definition’s with parameter. Typically, you will still pass data via the mailable class’s constructor; however, you should set this data to protected or private properties so the data is not automatically made available to the template:

<?php

namespace App\Mail;

use App\Models\Order;
use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailable;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Content;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;

class OrderShipped extends Mailable
{
    use Queueable, SerializesModels;

    /**
     * Create a new message instance.
     */
    public function __construct(
        protected Order $order,
    ) {}

    /**
     * Get the message content definition.
     */
    public function content(): Content
    {
        return new Content(
            view: 'mail.orders.shipped',
            with: [
                'orderName' => $this->order->name,
                'orderPrice' => $this->order->price,
            ],
        );
    }
}

<?php

namespace App\Mail;

use App\Models\Order;
use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailable;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Content;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;

class OrderShipped extends Mailable
{
    use Queueable, SerializesModels;

    /**
     * Create a new message instance.
     */
    public function __construct(
        protected Order $order,
    ) {}

    /**
     * Get the message content definition.
     */
    public function content(): Content
    {
        return new Content(
            view: 'mail.orders.shipped',
            with: [
                'orderName' => $this->order->name,
                'orderPrice' => $this->order->price,
            ],
        );
    }
}

Once the data has been passed to the with method, it will automatically be available in your view, so you may access it like you would access any other data in your Blade templates:

<div>
    Price: {{ $orderPrice }}
</div>

<div>
    Price: {{ $orderPrice }}
</div>

Attachments

To add attachments to an email, you will add attachments to the array returned by the message’s attachments method. First, you may add an attachment by providing a file path to the fromPath method provided by the Attachment class:

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment;

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromPath('/path/to/file'),
    ];
}

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment;

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromPath('/path/to/file'),
    ];
}

When attaching files to a message, you may also specify the display name and / or MIME type for the attachment using the as and withMime methods:

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromPath('/path/to/file')
            ->as('name.pdf')
            ->withMime('application/pdf'),
    ];
}

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromPath('/path/to/file')
            ->as('name.pdf')
            ->withMime('application/pdf'),
    ];
}

Attaching Files From Disk

If you have stored a file on one of your filesystem disks, you may attach it to the email using the fromStorage attachment method:

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromStorage('/path/to/file'),
    ];
}

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromStorage('/path/to/file'),
    ];
}

Of course, you may also specify the attachment’s name and MIME type:

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromStorage('/path/to/file')
            ->as('name.pdf')
            ->withMime('application/pdf'),
    ];
}

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromStorage('/path/to/file')
            ->as('name.pdf')
            ->withMime('application/pdf'),
    ];
}

The fromStorageDisk method may be used if you need to specify a storage disk other than your default disk:

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromStorageDisk('s3', '/path/to/file')
            ->as('name.pdf')
            ->withMime('application/pdf'),
    ];
}

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromStorageDisk('s3', '/path/to/file')
            ->as('name.pdf')
            ->withMime('application/pdf'),
    ];
}

Raw Data Attachments

The fromData attachment method may be used to attach a raw string of bytes as an attachment. For example, you might use this method if you have generated a PDF in memory and want to attach it to the email without writing it to disk. The fromData method accepts a closure which resolves the raw data bytes as well as the name that the attachment should be assigned:

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromData(fn () => $this->pdf, 'Report.pdf')
            ->withMime('application/pdf'),
    ];
}

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [
        Attachment::fromData(fn () => $this->pdf, 'Report.pdf')
            ->withMime('application/pdf'),
    ];
}

Inline Attachments

Embedding inline images into your emails is typically cumbersome; however, Laravel provides a convenient way to attach images to your emails. To embed an inline image, use the embed method on the $message variable within your email template. Laravel automatically makes the $message variable available to all of your email templates, so you don’t need to worry about passing it in manually:

<body>
    Here is an image:

    <img src="{{ $message->embed($pathToImage) }}">
</body>

<body>
    Here is an image:

    <img src="{{ $message->embed($pathToImage) }}">
</body>

The $message variable is not available in plain-text message templates since plain-text messages do not utilize inline attachments.

Embedding Raw Data Attachments

If you already have a raw image data string you wish to embed into an email template, you may call the embedData method on the $message variable. When calling the embedData method, you will need to provide a filename that should be assigned to the embedded image:

<body>
    Here is an image from raw data:

    <img src="{{ $message->embedData($data, 'example-image.jpg') }}">
</body>

<body>
    Here is an image from raw data:

    <img src="{{ $message->embedData($data, 'example-image.jpg') }}">
</body>

Attachable Objects

While attaching files to messages via simple string paths is often sufficient, in many cases the attachable entities within your application are represented by classes. For example, if your application is attaching a photo to a message, your application may also have a Photo model that represents that photo. When that is the case, wouldn’t it be convenient to simply pass the Photo model to the attach method? Attachable objects allow you to do just that.

To get started, implement the Illuminate\Contracts\Mail\Attachable interface on the object that will be attachable to messages. This interface dictates that your class defines a toMailAttachment method that returns an Illuminate\Mail\Attachment instance:

<?php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Contracts\Mail\Attachable;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Mail\Attachment;

class Photo extends Model implements Attachable
{
    /**
     * Get the attachable representation of the model.
     */
    public function toMailAttachment(): Attachment
    {
        return Attachment::fromPath('/path/to/file');
    }
}

<?php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Contracts\Mail\Attachable;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Mail\Attachment;

class Photo extends Model implements Attachable
{
    /**
     * Get the attachable representation of the model.
     */
    public function toMailAttachment(): Attachment
    {
        return Attachment::fromPath('/path/to/file');
    }
}

Once you have defined your attachable object, you may return an instance of that object from the attachments method when building an email message:

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [$this->photo];
}

/**
 * Get the attachments for the message.
 *
 * @return array<int, \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Attachment>
 */
public function attachments(): array
{
    return [$this->photo];
}

Of course, attachment data may be stored on a remote file storage service such as Amazon S3. So, Laravel also allows you to generate attachment instances from data that is stored on one of your application’s filesystem disks:

// Create an attachment from a file on your default disk...
return Attachment::fromStorage($this->path);

// Create an attachment from a file on a specific disk...
return Attachment::fromStorageDisk('backblaze', $this->path);

// Create an attachment from a file on your default disk...
return Attachment::fromStorage($this->path);

// Create an attachment from a file on a specific disk...
return Attachment::fromStorageDisk('backblaze', $this->path);

In addition, you may create attachment instances via data that you have in memory. To accomplish this, provide a closure to the fromData method. The closure should return the raw data that represents the attachment:

return Attachment::fromData(fn () => $this->content, 'Photo Name');

return Attachment::fromData(fn () => $this->content, 'Photo Name');

Laravel also provides additional methods that you may use to customize your attachments. For example, you may use the as and withMime methods to customize the file’s name and MIME type:

return Attachment::fromPath('/path/to/file')
    ->as('Photo Name')
    ->withMime('image/jpeg');

return Attachment::fromPath('/path/to/file')
    ->as('Photo Name')
    ->withMime('image/jpeg');

Headers

Sometimes you may need to attach additional headers to the outgoing message. For instance, you may need to set a custom Message-Id or other arbitrary text headers.

To accomplish this, define a headers method on your mailable. The headers method should return an Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Headers instance. This class accepts messageId, references, and text parameters. Of course, you may provide only the parameters you need for your particular message:

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Headers;

/**
 * Get the message headers.
 */
public function headers(): Headers
{
    return new Headers(
        messageId: '[email protected]',
        references: ['[email protected]'],
        text: [
            'X-Custom-Header' => 'Custom Value',
        ],
    );
}

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Headers;

/**
 * Get the message headers.
 */
public function headers(): Headers
{
    return new Headers(
        messageId: '[email protected]',
        references: ['[email protected]'],
        text: [
            'X-Custom-Header' => 'Custom Value',
        ],
    );
}

Tags and Metadata

Some third-party email providers such as Mailgun and Postmark support message “tags” and “metadata”, which may be used to group and track emails sent by your application. You may add tags and metadata to an email message via your Envelope definition:

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Envelope;

/**
 * Get the message envelope.
 *
 * @return \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Envelope
 */
public function envelope(): Envelope
{
    return new Envelope(
        subject: 'Order Shipped',
        tags: ['shipment'],
        metadata: [
            'order_id' => $this->order->id,
        ],
    );
}

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Envelope;

/**
 * Get the message envelope.
 *
 * @return \Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Envelope
 */
public function envelope(): Envelope
{
    return new Envelope(
        subject: 'Order Shipped',
        tags: ['shipment'],
        metadata: [
            'order_id' => $this->order->id,
        ],
    );
}

If your application is using the Mailgun driver, you may consult Mailgun’s documentation for more information on tags and metadata. Likewise, the Postmark documentation may also be consulted for more information on their support for tags and metadata.

If your application is using Amazon SES to send emails, you should use the metadata method to attach SES “tags” to the message.

Customizing the Symfony Message

Laravel’s mail capabilities are powered by Symfony Mailer. Laravel allows you to register custom callbacks that will be invoked with the Symfony Message instance before sending the message. This gives you an opportunity to deeply customize the message before it is sent. To accomplish this, define a using parameter on your Envelope definition:

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Envelope;
use Symfony\Component\Mime\Email;

/**
 * Get the message envelope.
 */
public function envelope(): Envelope
{
    return new Envelope(
        subject: 'Order Shipped',
        using: [
            function (Email $message) {
                // ...
            },
        ]
    );
}

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Envelope;
use Symfony\Component\Mime\Email;

/**
 * Get the message envelope.
 */
public function envelope(): Envelope
{
    return new Envelope(
        subject: 'Order Shipped',
        using: [
            function (Email $message) {
                // ...
            },
        ]
    );
}

Markdown Mailables

Markdown mailable messages allow you to take advantage of the pre-built templates and components of mail notifications in your mailables. Since the messages are written in Markdown, Laravel is able to render beautiful, responsive HTML templates for the messages while also automatically generating a plain-text counterpart.

Generating Markdown Mailables

To generate a mailable with a corresponding Markdown template, you may use the --markdown option of the make:mail Artisan command:

php artisan make:mail OrderShipped --markdown=mail.orders.shipped

php artisan make:mail OrderShipped --markdown=mail.orders.shipped

Then, when configuring the mailable Content definition within its content method, use the markdown parameter instead of the view parameter:

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Content;

/**
 * Get the message content definition.
 */
public function content(): Content
{
    return new Content(
        markdown: 'mail.orders.shipped',
        with: [
            'url' => $this->orderUrl,
        ],
    );
}

use Illuminate\Mail\Mailables\Content;

/**
 * Get the message content definition.
 */
public function content(): Content
{
    return new Content(
        markdown: 'mail.orders.shipped',
        with: [
            'url' => $this->orderUrl,
        ],
    );
}

Writing Markdown Messages

Markdown mailables use a combination of Blade components and Markdown syntax which allow you to easily construct mail messages while leveraging Laravel’s pre-built email UI components:

<x-mail::message>
## Order Shipped

Your order has been shipped!

<x-mail::button :url="$url">
View Order
</x-mail::button>

Thanks,<br>
{{ config('app.name') }}
</x-mail::message>

<x-mail::message>
## Order Shipped

Your order has been shipped!

<x-mail::button :url="$url">
View Order
</x-mail::button>

Thanks,<br>
{{ config('app.name') }}
</x-mail::message>

Do not use excess indentation when writing Markdown emails. Per Markdown standards, Markdown parsers will render indented content as code blocks.

Button Component

The button component renders a centered button link. The component accepts two arguments, a url and an optional color. Supported colors are primary, success, and error. You may add as many button components to a message as you wish:

<x-mail::button :url="$url" color="success">
View Order
</x-mail::button>

<x-mail::button :url="$url" color="success">
View Order
</x-mail::button>

Panel Component

The panel component renders the given block of text in a panel that has a slightly different background color than the rest of the message. This allows you to draw attention to a given block of text:

<x-mail::panel>
This is the panel content.
</x-mail::panel>

<x-mail::panel>
This is the panel content.
</x-mail::panel>

Table Component

The table component allows you to transform a Markdown table into an HTML table. The component accepts the Markdown table as its content. Table column alignment is supported using the default Markdown table alignment syntax:

<x-mail::table>
| Laravel       | Table         | Example       |
| ------------- | :-----------: | ------------: |
| Col 2 is      | Centered      | $10           |
| Col 3 is      | Right-Aligned | $20           |
</x-mail::table>

<x-mail::table>
| Laravel       | Table         | Example       |
| ------------- | :-----------: | ------------: |
| Col 2 is      | Centered      | $10           |
| Col 3 is      | Right-Aligned | $20           |
</x-mail::table>

Customizing the Components

You may export all of the Markdown mail components to your own application for customization. To export the components, use the vendor:publish Artisan command to publish the laravel-mail asset tag:

php artisan vendor:publish --tag=laravel-mail

php artisan vendor:publish --tag=laravel-mail

This command will publish the Markdown mail components to the resources/views/vendor/mail directory. The mail directory will contain an html and a text directory, each containing their respective representations of every available component. You are free to customize these components however you like.

Customizing the CSS

After exporting the components, the resources/views/vendor/mail/html/themes directory will contain a default.css file. You may customize the CSS in this file and your styles will automatically be converted to inline CSS styles within the HTML representations of your Markdown mail messages.

If you would like to build an entirely new theme for Laravel’s Markdown components, you may place a CSS file within the html/themes directory. After naming and saving your CSS file, update the theme option of your application’s config/mail.php configuration file to match the name of your new theme.

To customize the theme for an individual mailable, you may set the $theme property of the mailable class to the name of the theme that should be used when sending that mailable.

Sending Mail

To send a message, use the to method on the Mail facade. The to method accepts an email address, a user instance, or a collection of users. If you pass an object or collection of objects, the mailer will automatically use their email and name properties when determining the email’s recipients, so make sure these attributes are available on your objects. Once you have specified your recipients, you may pass an instance of your mailable class to the send method:

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Mail\OrderShipped;
use App\Models\Order;
use Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Mail;

class OrderShipmentController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * Ship the given order.
     */
    public function store(Request $request): RedirectResponse
    {
        $order = Order::findOrFail($request->order_id);

        // Ship the order...

        Mail::to($request->user())->send(new OrderShipped($order));

        return redirect('/orders');
    }
}

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Mail\OrderShipped;
use App\Models\Order;
use Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Mail;

class OrderShipmentController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * Ship the given order.
     */
    public function store(Request $request): RedirectResponse
    {
        $order = Order::findOrFail($request->order_id);

        // Ship the order...

        Mail::to($request->user())->send(new OrderShipped($order));

        return redirect('/orders');
    }
}

You are not limited to just specifying the “to” recipients when sending a message. You are free to set “to”, “cc”, and “bcc” recipients by chaining their respective methods together:

Mail::to($request->user())
    ->cc($moreUsers)
    ->bcc($evenMoreUsers)
    ->send(new OrderShipped($order));

Mail::to($request->user())
    ->cc($moreUsers)
    ->bcc($evenMoreUsers)
    ->send(new OrderShipped($order));

Looping Over Recipients

Occasionally, you may need to send a mailable to a list of recipients by iterating over an array of recipients / email addresses. However, since the to method appends email addresses to the mailable’s list of recipients, each iteration through the loop will send another email to every previous recipient. Therefore, you should always re-create the mailable instance for each recipient:

foreach (['[email protected]', '[email protected]'] as $recipient) {
    Mail::to($recipient)->send(new OrderShipped($order));
}

foreach (['[email protected]', '[email protected]'] as $recipient) {
    Mail::to($recipient)->send(new OrderShipped($order));
}

Sending Mail via a Specific Mailer

By default, Laravel will send email using the mailer configured as the default mailer in your application’s mail configuration file. However, you may use the mailer method to send a message using a specific mailer configuration:

Mail::mailer('postmark')
    ->to($request->user())
    ->send(new OrderShipped($order));

Mail::mailer('postmark')
    ->to($request->user())
    ->send(new OrderShipped($order));

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