Section 2

ents would have wrought very much upon me (as I then told the company in a long and elaborate discourse) had I not considered the great and additional expense which such fashions would bring upon fathers and husbands; and therefore by no means to be thought of till some years after a peace. I further urged, that it would be a prejudice to the ladies themselves, who could never expect to have any money in the pocket, if they laid out so much on the petticoat. To this I added, the great temptation it might give to virgins, of acting in security like married women, and by that means give a check to matrimony, an institution always encouraged by wise societies.

At the same time, in answer to the several petitions produced on that side, I showed one subscribed by the women of several persons of quality, humbly setting forth, that since the introduction of this mode, their respective ladies had, instead of bestowing on them their cast gowns, cut them into shreds, and mixed them with the cordage and buckram, to complete the stiffening of their under-petticoats. For which, and sundry other reasons, I pronounced the petticoat a forfeiture: but to show that I did not make that judgment for the sake of filthy lucre, I ordered it to be folded up, and sent it as a present to a widow gentlewoman, who has five daughters, desiring she would make each of them a petticoat out of it, and send me back the remainder, which I design to cut into stomachers, caps, facings of my waistcoat sleeves, and other garnitures suitable to my age and quality.

I would not be understood, that, while I discard this monstrous invention, I am an enemy to the proper ornaments of the fair sex. On the contrary, as the hand of nature has poured on them such a profusion of charms and graces, and sent them into the world more amiable and finished than the rest of her works; so I would have them bestow upon themselves all the additional beauties that art can supply them with, provided it does not interfere with, disguise, or pervert, those of nature.

I consider woman as a beautiful romantic animal, that may be adorned with furs and feathers, pearls and diamonds, ores and silks. The lynx shall cast its skin at her feet to make her a tippet; the peacock, parrot, and swan, shall pay contributions to her muff; the sea shall be searched for shells, and the rocks for gems; and every part of nature furnish out its share towards the embellishment of a creature that is the most consummate work of it. All this I shall indulge them in; but as for the petticoat I have been speaking of, I neither can, nor will allow it.

[Footnote 10: Swift uses this form of the word: 「It served him for a nightcap when he went to bed, and for an umbrello in rainy whether.「]

No. 117. [ADDISON.

From Thursday, Jan. 5, to Saturday, Jan. 7, 1709-10.

Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis. VIRG., Æn. i. 207.

   *       *       *       *       *

Sheer Lane, January 6.

When I look into the frame and constitution of my own mind, there is no part of it which I observe with greater satisfaction, than that tenderness and concern which it bears for the good and happiness of mankind. My own circumstances are indeed so narrow and scanty, that I should taste but very little pleasure, could I receive it only from those enjoyments which are in my own possession; but by this great tincture of humanity, which I find in all my thoughts and reflections, I am happier than any single person can be, with all the wealth, strength, beauty, and success, that can be conferred upon a mortal, if he only relishes such a proportion of these blessings as is vested in himself, and is his own private property. By this means, every man that does himself any real service, does me a kindness. I come in for my share in all the good that happens to a man of merit and virtue, and partake of many gifts of fortune and power that I was never born to. There is nothing in particular in which I so much rejoice, as the deliverance of good and generous spirits out of dangers, difficulties, and distresses. And because the world does not supply instances of this kind to furnish out sufficient entertainments for such a humanity and benevolence of temper, I have ever delighted in reading the history of ages past, which draws together into a narrow compass the great occurrences and events that are but thinly sown in those tracts of time which lie within our own knowledge and observation. When I see the life of a great man, who has deserved well of his country, after having struggled through all the oppositions of prejudice and envy, breaking out with lustre, and shining forth in all the splendour of success, I close my book, and am a happy man for a whole evening.

But since in history events are of a mixed nature, and often happen alike to the worthless and the deserving, insomuch that we frequently see a virtuous man dying in the midst of disappointments and calamities, and the vicious ending their days in prosperity and peace, I love to amuse myself with the accounts I meet with in fabulous histories and fictions: for in this kind of writings we have always the pleasure of seeing vice punished, and virtue rewarded. Indeed, were we able to view a man in the whole circle of his existence, we should have the satisfaction of seeing it close with happiness or misery, according to his proper merit: but though our view of him is interrupted by death before the finishing of his adventures (if I may so speak), we may be sure that the conclusion and catastrophe is altogether suitable to his behaviour. On the contrary, the whole being of a man, considered as a hero, or a knight-errant, is comprehended within the limits of a poem or romance, and therefore always ends to our satisfaction; so that inventions of this kind are like food and exercise to a good-natured disposition, which they please and gratify at the same time that they nourish and strengthen. The greater the affliction is in which we see our favourites in these relations engaged, the greater is the pleasure we take in seeing them relieved.

Among the many feigned histories which I have met with in my reading, there is none in which the hero's perplexity is greater, and the winding out of it more difficult, than that in a French author whose name I have forgot. It so happens, that the hero's mistress was the sister of his most intimate friend, who for certain reasons was given out to be dead, while he was preparing to leave his country in quest of adventures. The hero having heard of his friend's death, immediately repaired to his mistress, to condole with her, and comfort her. Upon his arrival in her garden, he discovered at a distance a man clasped in her arms, and embraced with the most endearing tenderness. What should he do? It did not consist with the gentleness of a knight-errant either to kill his mistress, or the man whom she was pleased to favour. At the same time, it would have spoiled a romance, should he have laid violent hands on himself. In short, he immediately entered upon his adventures; and after a long series of exploits, found out by degrees, that the person he saw in his mistress's arms was her own brother, taking leave of her before he left his country, and the embrace she gave him nothing else but the affectionate farewell of a sister: so that he had at once the two greatest satisfactions that could enter into the heart of man, in finding his friend alive, whom he thought dead; and his mistress faithful, whom he had believed inconstant.

There are indeed some disasters so very fatal, that it is impossible for any accidents to rectify them. Of this kind was that of poor Lucretia; and yet we see Ovid has found an expedient even in this case. He describes a beautiful and royal virgin walking on the seashore, where she was discovered by Neptune, and violated after a long and unsuccessful importunity. To mitigate her sorrow, he offers her whatever she would wish for. Never certainly was the wit of woman more puzzled in finding out a stratagem to retrieve her honour. Had she desired to be changed into a stock or stone, a beast, fish or fowl, she would have been a loser by it: or had she desired to have been made a sea-nymph, or a goddess, her immortality would but have perpetuated her disgrace. 「Give me therefore,「 said she, 「such a shape as may make me incapable of suffering again the like calamity, or of being reproached for what I have already suffered.「 To be short, she was turned into a man, and by that only means avoided the danger and imputation she so much dreaded.

I was once myself in agonies of grief that are unutterable, and in so great a distraction of mind, that I thought myself even out of the possibility of receiving comfort. The occasion was as follows: When I was a youth in a part of the army which was then quartered at Dover, I fell in love with an agreeable young woman, of a good family in those parts, and had the satisfaction of seeing my addresses kindly received, which occasioned the perplexity I am going to relate.

We were in a calm evening diverting ourselves upon the top of the cliff with the prospect of the sea, and trifling away the time in such little fondnesses as are most ridiculous to people in business, and most agreeable to those in love.

In the midst of these our innocent endearments, she snatched a paper of verses out of my hand, and ran away with them. I was following her, when on a sudden the ground, though at a considerable distance from the verge of the precipice, sank under her, and threw her down from so prodigious a height upon such a range of rocks, as would have dashed her into ten thousand pieces, had her body been made of adamant. It is much easier for my reader to imagine my state of mind upon such an occasion, than for me to express it. I said to myself, 「It is not in the power of heaven to relieve me!「 when I awoke, equally transported and astonished, to see myself drawn out of an affliction which the very moment before appeared to me altogether inextricable.

The impressions of grief and horror were so lively on this occasion, that while they lasted, they made me more miserable than I was at the real death of this beloved person (which happened a few months after, at a time when the match between us was concluded), inasmuch as the imaginary death was untimely, and I myself in a sort an accessory; whereas her real decease had at least these alleviations, of being natural and inevitable.

The memory of the dream I have related still dwells so strongly upon me, that I can never read the description of Dover Cliff in Shakespeare's tragedy of 「King Lear,「[11] without a fresh sense of my escape. The prospect from that place is drawn with such proper incidents, that whoever can read it without growing giddy, must have a good head, or a very bad one.

「_Come on, sir, here's the place; stand still! How fearful
And dizzy 'tis to cast one's eyes so low?
The crows and choughs that wing the midway air,
Show scarce as gross as beetles. Half-way down
Hangs one that gathers samphire. Dreadful trade!
Methinks he seems no bigger than his head.
The fishermen that walk upon the beach,
Appear like mice, and yond' tall anchoring bark
Diminished to her boat;[12] her boat![12] a buoy
Almost too small for sight. The murmuring surge
(That on the unnumbered idle pebble beats)
Cannot be heard so high. I'll look no more,
Lest my brain turn._「[13]

[Footnote 11: 「King Lear,「 act iv. sc. 6.]

[Footnote 12: Altered from Shakespeare's 「cock.「]

[Footnote 13: 「The parcel of letters, value 10_s. 3_d., with the subsequent letter, is received, for which Mr. Bickerstaff gives his thanks and humble service「 (folio).]

No. 118. [STEELE.[14]

From Saturday, Jan. 7, to Tuesday, Jan. 10, 1709-10.

Lusisti satis, edisti satis atque bibisti;
Tempus abire tibi....--HOR., 2 Ep. ii. 214.

   *       *       *       *       *

From my own Apartment, January 8.

I thought to have given over my prosecution of the dead for this season, having by me many other projects for the reformation of mankind; but I have received so many complaints from such different hands, that I shall disoblige multitudes of my correspondents, if I do not take notice of them. Some of the deceased, who I thought had been laid quietly in their graves, are such hobgoblins in public assemblies, that I must be forced to deal with them as Evander did with his triple-lived adversary, who, according to Virgil, was forced to kill him thrice over before he could despatch him.

「_Ter leto sternendus erat._「[15]

I am likewise informed, that several wives of my dead men have, since the decease of their husbands, been seen in many public places without mourning, or regard to common decency.

I am further advised, that several of the defunct, contrary to the Woollen Act,[16] presume to dress themselves in lace, embroidery, silks, muslins, and other ornaments forbidden to persons in their condition. These and other the like informations moving me thereunto, I must desire, for distinction-sake, and to conclude this subject for ever, that when any of these posthumous persons appear, or are spoken of, their wives may be called 「widows「; their houses, 「sepulchres「; their chariots, 「hearses「; and their garments, 「flannel「: on which condition, they shall be allowed all the conveniences that dead men can in reason desire.

   *       *       *       *       *

As I was writing this morning on this subject, I received the following letter:

 「MR. BICKERSTAFF,                      _From the Banks of Styx_.

 「I must confess I treated you very scurrilously when you first sent
 me hither; but you have despatched such multitudes after me to keep
 me in countenance, that I am very well reconciled both to you and
 my condition. We live very lovingly together; for as death makes
 us all equal, it makes us very much delight in one another's
 company. Our time passes away much after the same manner as it did
 when we were among you: eating, drinking, and sleeping, are our
 chief diversions. Our quidnuncs between whiles go to a
 coffee-house, where they have several warm liquors made of the
 waters of Lethe, with very good poppy tea. We that are the
 sprightly geniuses of the place, refresh ourselves frequently with
 a bottle of mum,[17] and tell stories till we fall asleep. You
 would do well to send among us Mr. Dodwell's[18] book against the
 immortality of the soul, which would be of great consolation to our
 whole fraternity, who would be very glad to find that they are dead
 for good and all, and would in particular make me rest for ever,

                                            「Yours,
                                                 「JOHN PARTRIDGE.

 「P.S.--Sir James[19] is just arrived here in good health.「

The foregoing letter was the more pleasing to me, because I perceive some little symptoms in it of a resuscitation; and having lately seen the predictions of this author, which are written in a true Protestant spirit of prophecy, and a particular zeal against the French king, I have some thoughts of sending for him from the Banks of Styx, and reinstating him in his own house, at the sign of the Globe in Salisbury Street. For the encouragement of him and others, I shall offer to their consideration a letter which gives me an account of the revival of one of their brethren:

 「SIR,                                             _December 31._

 「I have perused your _Tatler_ of this day,[20] and have wept over
 it with great pleasure: I wish you would be more frequent in your
 family pieces. For as I consider you under the notion of a great
 designer, I think these are not your least valuable performances. I
 am glad to find you have given over your face painting for some
 time, because, I think, you have employed yourself more in
 grotesque figures, than in beauties; for which reason, I would
 rather see you work upon history pieces, than on single portraits.
 Your several draughts of dead men appear to me as pictures of still
 life, and have done great good in the place where I live. The
 squire of a neighbouring village, who had been a long time in the
 number of nonentities, is entirely recovered by them. For these
 several years past, there was not a hare in the county that could
 be at rest for him; and I think, the greatest exploit he ever
 boasted of, was, that when he was high sheriff of the county, he
 hunted a fox so far, that he could not follow him any farther by
 the laws of the land. All the hours he spent at home, were in
 swilling[21] himself with October, and rehearsing the wonders he
 did in the field. Upon reading your papers, he has sold his dogs,
 shook off his dead companions, looked into his estate, got the
 multiplication table by heart, paid his tithes, and intends to take
 upon him the office of churchwarden next year. I wish the same
 success with your other patients, and am, &c.「

 _Ditto, January 9._

When I came home this evening, a very tight middle-aged woman presented to me the following petition:

 「_To the Worshipful Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq., Censor of Great
 Britain._

 「The humble petition of Penelope Prim, widow;

 「Sheweth,

 「That your petitioner was bred a clear-starcher and sempstress, and
 for many years worked to the Exchange; and to several aldermen's
 wives, lawyers' clerks, and merchants' apprentices.

 「That through the scarcity caused by regraters of bread-corn (of
 which starch is made) and the gentry's immoderate frequenting the
 operas, the ladies, to save charges, have their heads washed at
 home, and the beaus put out their linen to common laundresses, so
 that your petitioner hath little or no work at her trade: for want
 of which she is reduced to such necessity, that she and her seven
 fatherless children must inevitably perish, unless relieved by your
 worship.

 「That your petitioner is informed, that in contempt of your
 judgment pronounced on Tuesday the third instant against the
 new-fashioned petticoat, or old-fashioned farthingale,[22] the
 ladies design to go on in that dress. And since it is presumed your
 worship will not suppress them by force, your petitioner humbly
 desires you would order, that ruffs may be added to the dress; and
 that she may be heard by her counsel, who has assured your
 petitioner, he has such cogent reasons to offer to your court, that
 ruffs and farthingales are inseparable; and that he questions not
 but two-thirds of the greatest beauties about town will have
 cambric collars on their necks before the end of Easter Term next.
 He further says, that the design of our great-grandmothers in this
 petticoat, was to appear much bigger than the life; for which
 reason, they had false shoulder-blades, like wings, and the ruff
 above mentioned, to make their upper and lower parts of their
 bodies appear proportionable; whereas the figure of a woman in the
 present dress, bears (as he calls it) the figure of a cone, which
 (as he advises) is the same with that of an extinguisher, with a
 little knob at the upper end, and widening downward, till it ends
 in a basis of a most enormous circumference.

 「Your petitioner therefore most humbly prays, that you would
 restore the ruff to the farthingale, which in their nature ought to
 be as inseparable as the two Hungarian twins.[23]

                           「And your Petitioner shall ever pray.「

I have examined into the allegations of this petition, and find, by several ancient pictures of my own predecessors, particularly that of Dame Deborah Bickerstaff, my great-grandmother, that the ruff and farthingale are made use of as absolutely necessary to preserve the symmetry of the figure; and Mrs. Pyramid Bickerstaff, her second sister, is recorded in our family-book, with some observations to her disadvantage, as the first female of our house that discovered, to any besides her nurse and her husband, an inch below her chin or above her instep. This convinces me of the reasonableness of Mrs. Prim's demand; and therefore I shall not allow the reviving of any one part of that ancient mode, except the whole is complied with. Mrs. Prim is therefore hereby empowered to carry home ruffs to such as she shall see in the above-mentioned petticoats, and require payment on demand.

   *       *       *       *       *

Mr. Bickerstaff has under consideration the offer from the Corporation of Colchester of four hundred pounds per annum, to be paid quarterly, provided that all his dead persons shall be obliged to wear the baize of that place.

[Footnote 14: Nichols suggests that Addison was at least partly responsible for this paper.]

[Footnote 15: 「Æneid,「 viii. 566.]

[Footnote 16: The Act 「for burying in wool「 (30 Charles II. cap. 3) was intended to protect homespun goods. Sometimes a fine was paid for allowing a person of position to be 「buried in linen, contrary to the Act of Parliament.「 The widow in Steele's 「Funeral「 (act v. sc. 2) says: 「Take care I ain't buried in flannel; 'twould never become me, I'm sure.「 See, too, Pope's 「Moral Essays,「 i. 246:

「'Odious! in woollen! 'twould a saint provoke,'
Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke.「

]

[Footnote 17: Ale brewed with wheat. John Philips (「Cyder,「 ii. 231) speaks of 「bowls of fattening mum.「]

[Footnote 18: Henry Dodwell, the nonjuror, died in 1711, in his seventieth year. He tried to prove that immortality was conferred on the soul only at baptism, by the gift of God, through the hands of the ordained clergy. The title of the book alluded to is 「An Epistolary Discourse concerning the Soul's Immortality.「]

[Footnote 19: Sir James Baker. See No. 115.]

[Footnote 20: No. 114.]

[Footnote 21: The original editions read 「swelling.「]

[Footnote 22: See No. 116.]

[Footnote 23: Helen and Judith, two united twin-sisters, were born at Tzoni, in Hungary, October 26, 1701; lived to the age of twenty-one, and died in a convent at Petersburg, February 23, 1723. The mother, it is said, survived their birth, bore another child afterwards, and was alive when her singular twins were shown here, at a house in the Strand, near Charing Cross, in 1708. The writers of a periodical publication at that time seem to have examined them carefully, with a view to enable themselves to answer the many questions of their correspondents concerning them. See 「The British Apollo,「 vol. i, Nos. 35, 36, 37, &c. (1708), and the Royal Society's 「Phil. Transact.「 vol. I. part 1, for the year 1757, art. 39. Nothing more can be well said of the Hungarian twins here, but that they were well shaped, had beautiful faces, and loved each other tenderly; they could read, write, and sing very prettily; they spoke the Hungarian, High and Low Dutch, and French languages, and learnt English when they were in this country (Nichols).]

No. 119. [ADDISON.

From Tuesday, Jan. 10, to Thursday, Jan. 12, 1709-10.

In tenui labor.--VIRG., Georg. iv. 6.

   *       *       *       *       *

Sheer Lane, January 11.

I have lately applied myself with much satisfaction to the curious discoveries that have been made by the help of microscopes, as they are related by authors of our own and other nations. There is a great deal of pleasure in prying into this world of wonders, which Nature has laid out of sight, and seems industrious to conceal from us. Philosophy had ranged over all the visible creation, and began to want objects for her inquiries, when the present age, by the invention of glasses, opened a new and inexhaustible magazine of rarities, more wonderful and amazing than any of those which astonished our forefathers. I was yesterday amusing myself with speculations of this kind, and reflecting upon myriads of animals that swim in those little seas of juices that are contained in the several vessels of a human body. While my mind was thus filled with that secret wonder and delight, I could not but look upon myself as in an act of devotion, and am very well pleased with the thought of the great heathen anatomist,[24] who calls his description of the parts of a human body, 「A Hymn to the Supreme Being.「 The reading of the day produced in my imagination an agreeable morning's dream, if I may call it such; for I am still in doubt, whether it passed in my sleeping or waking thoughts. However it was, I fancied that my good genius stood at my bed's head, and entertained m