Local Development

Last updated Sep 30, 2026 You can run both your container and your Worker locally by running npx wrangler dev (or vite dev for Vite projects using the Cloudflare Vite plugin) in your project's directory.

To develop Container-enabled Workers locally, you will need to first ensure that a Docker compatible CLI tool and Engine are installed. For instance, you could use Docker Desktop ↗︎ or Colima ↗︎.

Containers that use the Durable Object scheduling policy require Wrangler 4.136.0 or later for local development. To run the cloudflare/debian-trixie managed image locally, use Wrangler 4.141.0 or later.

When you start a dev session, your container image will be built or downloaded. If your Wrangler configuration sets the image attribute to a local path, the image will be built using the local Dockerfile. If the image attribute is set to an image reference, the image will be pulled from the referenced registry, such as the Cloudflare Registry, Docker Hub, Amazon ECR, or Google Artifact Registry.

Note

With wrangler dev, image references from the Cloudflare Registry, Docker Hub, Amazon ECR, and Google Artifact Registry are supported in local development.

With vite dev, image references from external registries such as Docker Hub, Amazon ECR, and Google Artifact Registry are supported, but vite dev cannot pull directly from the Cloudflare Registry.

If you use a private Docker Hub, Amazon ECR, or Google Artifact Registry image in local development, authenticate to that registry locally, for example with docker login.

As a workaround for Cloudflare Registry images, point vite dev at a local Dockerfile that uses FROM <IMAGE_REFERENCE>. Docker then pulls the base image during the local build.

Container instances will be launched locally when your Worker code calls to create a new container. Requests will then automatically be routed to the correct locally-running container.

When the dev session ends, all associated container instances should be stopped, but local images are not removed, so that they can be reused in subsequent builds.

Note

If your Worker app creates many container instances, your local machine may not be able to run as many containers concurrently as is possible when you deploy to Cloudflare.

Also, max_instances configuration option does not apply during local development.

Additionally, if you regularly rebuild containers locally, you may want to clear out old container images (using docker image prune or similar) to reduce disk used.

FUSE support

Miniflare automatically grants local containers the Docker privileges required for Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE). This applies to wrangler dev, the Cloudflare Vite plugin, and direct Miniflare use.

Miniflare grants these privileges when the local Docker daemon runs inside a virtual machine (VM). This includes Docker engines on macOS and through Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL). On Linux, Miniflare grants the privileges for local rootless Docker when /dev/fuse is available.

Rootful Docker on Linux does not support FUSE by default during local development. Miniflare does not grant FUSE privileges when the Docker daemon does not meet these conditions or cannot be inspected.

Iterating on Container code

When you develop with Wrangler or Vite, your Worker's code is automatically reloaded each time you save a change, but code running within the container is not.

To rebuild your container with new code changes, you can hit the [r] key on your keyboard, which triggers a rebuild. Container instances will then be restarted with the newly built images.

You may prefer to set up your own code watchers and reloading mechanisms, or mount a local directory into the local container images to sync code changes. This can be done, but there is no built-in mechanism for doing so, and best-practices will depend on the languages and frameworks you are using in your container code.

Differences after you deploy

Local development runs your container in Docker. A deployed container that uses the Durable Object scheduling policy differs from a local container in the following ways. Code that works locally can fail after you deploy.

The hostname is longer than a DNS label

The hostname of a container is the name it uses for itself, which the hostname command prints. Nothing routes traffic to it. In a deployed container, the hostname is 64 characters, one more than a DNS label allows. /etc/hosts does not list it, so it does not resolve. Locally, the hostname is the 12-character Docker container ID, and /etc/hosts lists it. Code that looks up its own hostname can fail after you deploy.

For example, python3 -m http.server and other servers built on the Python http.server module, such as wsgiref, exit on startup with this error:

UnicodeEncodeError: 'idna' codec can't encode characters in position 0-63: label too long

To serve files with Python, use socketserver, which does not look up the hostname:

python3 -c 'import http.server as h, socketserver as s; s.ThreadingTCPServer(("", 8000), h.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler).serve_forever()'

Other Linux users keep root capabilities

Locally, Docker gives no capabilities to a process that runs as a user other than root. File permissions apply to that process. In a deployed container, every process has the same Linux capabilities as root, regardless of user. For more information, refer to the exec() user option.

Troubleshooting

Ports

Your Worker can connect to any port in the container.

getTcpPort() requires a process listening on that port. If the process has not started yet, you will see the following error:

Container is not listening to port 8080

Retry until the port becomes available.

Socket configuration - internal error

If you see an opaque internal error when attempting to connect to your container, you may need to set the DOCKER_HOST environment variable to the socket path your container engine is listening on. Wrangler or Vite will attempt to automatically find the correct socket to use to communicate with your container engine, but if that does not work, you may have to set this environment variable to the appropriate socket path.

SSL errors with the Cloudflare One Client or a VPN

If you are running the Cloudflare One Client or a VPN that performs TLS inspection, HTTPS requests made during the Docker build process may fail with SSL or certificate errors. This happens because the VPN intercepts HTTPS traffic and re-signs it with its own certificate authority, which Docker does not trust by default.

To resolve this, you can either:

• Disable the Cloudflare One Client or your VPN while running wrangler dev or wrangler deploy, then re-enable it afterwards.
• Add the certificate to your Docker build context. The Cloudflare One Client exposes its certificate via the NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS and SSL_CERT_FILE environment variables on your host machine. You can pass the certificate into your Docker build as an environment variable, so that it is available during the build without being baked into the final image.

dockerfile RUN if [ -n "$SSL_CERT_FILE" ]; then \ cp "$SSL_CERT_FILE" /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/Custom_CA.crt && \ update-ca-certificates; \ fi

Note

The above Dockerfile snippet is an example. Depending on your base image, the commands to install certificates may differ (for example, Alpine uses apk add ca-certificates and a different certificate path).

This snippet will store the certificate into the image. Depending on whether your production environment needs the certificate, you may choose to do this only during development or use it in production too.

Wrangler invokes Docker automatically when you run wrangler dev or wrangler deploy, so if you need to pass build secrets, you will need to build and push the image manually using wrangler containers push.

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